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Marlene F. Kramer is an American nurse, educator and author. She wrote a 1974 book, ''Reality Shock: Why Nurses Leave Nursing'', which examined burnout in the nursing profession. Her book has been widely cited in subsequent studies on retention and satisfaction within nursing. ==Biography== Marlene Kramer received an undergraduate degree in nursing from St. Louis University in 1953. She completed a master of science in nursing at Case Western Reserve University in 1958 and a PhD in sociology and education at Stanford University in 1966.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.prolibraries.com/amsn/?select=speaker&speakerID=47218 )〕 Several years after completing the doctorate, Kramer taught at the University of California, San Francisco. Kramer left UCSF to become dean at the University of Connecticut in 1979. In 1983, while still serving as dean at Connecticut, Kramer filed a libel lawsuit against seven of the university's nursing faculty members and the director of the faculty union. The faculty members had previously submitted complaints to the university alleging that Kramer plagiarized material and mismanaged the department. Kramer remained at UConn until 1987.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://nursing.uconn.edu/about/50-years-uconn-son )〕 Kramer developed the concept of ''reality shock'' while studying the retention of new nurses. She identified role conflict as a major stressor for new nurses as they struggled to balance the needs of each patient with the pressures and responsibilities imposed by the work setting. In 2007, Kramer earned the Living Legend designation from the American Academy of Nursing. A University of Connecticut alumni award for nursing research is named after Kramer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://web2.uconn.edu/nursingtest/wp-content/uploads/news_and_events/Reflection_12_release_finalRC.pdf )〕 The Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses awarded the 2012 Anthony J. Jannetti Award, its highest honor, to Kramer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://news.nurse.com/article/20130114/CA02/101140053 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marlene Kramer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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